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Faro
Related games
Origin	France
Type	gambling
Skills required	counting
Cards	52
Deck	Anglo-American
Play	clockwise
Playing time	10–15 minutes
Random chance	medium
Baccarat, Basset, Tempeln

Faro (/ˈfɛəroʊ/FAIR-oh), Pharaoh, Pharao, or Farobank is a late 17th-century French gambling card game. It is descended from Basset, and belongs to the Lansquenet and Monte Bank family of games due to the use of a banker and several players. Winning or losing occurs when cards turned up by the banker match those already exposed.

It is not a direct relative of poker, but Faro was often just as popular due to its fast action, easy-to-learn rules, and better odds^[1] than most games of chance. The game of Faro is played with only one deck of cards and admits any number of players.

Popular in North America during the 1800s,^[2] Faro was eventually overtaken by poker as the preferred card game of gamblers in the early 1900s.^[3]

Variants include German Faro, Jewish Faro, and Ladies' Faro.

History[edit]

The earliest references to a card game named Pharaon (French for 'Pharaoh') are found in Southwestern France during the reign of Louis XIV. Basset was outlawed in 1691, and Pharaoh emerged several years later as a derivative of Basset, before it too was outlawed.^[4]

Despite the French ban, Pharaoh and Basset continued to be widely played in England during the 18th century, where it was known as Pharo, an English alternate spelling of Pharaoh.^[5] The game was easy to learn, quick, and when played honestly, the odds for a player were considered by some to be the best of all gambling games, as Gilly Williams records in a letter to George Selwyn in 1752.^[6]

With its name shortened to Faro, it spread to the United States in the 19th century to become the most widespread and popularly favored gambling game. It was played in almost every gambling hall in the Old West from 1825 to 1915.^[7] Faro could be played in over 150 places in Washington, D.C. alone during the Civil War.^[8] An 1882 study considered faro to be the most popular form of gambling, surpassing all others forms combined in terms of money wagered each year.^[4]

It was also widespread in the German states during the 19th century, where it was known as Pharao or Pharo. A simplified version played with 32 German-suited cards was known as Deutsches Pharao ('German Pharo') or Süßmilch (Sweet Milk). It is recorded in card game compendia from at least 1810 to 1975.

In the US, Faro was also called 'bucking the tiger' or 'twisting the tiger's tail', a reference to early card backs that featured a drawing of a Bengal tiger. By the mid 19th century, the tiger was so commonly associated with the game that gambling districts where faro was popular became known as 'tiger town', or in the case of smaller venues, 'tiger alley'.^[9] Some gambling houses would simply hang a picture of a tiger in their windows to advertise that a game could be played there.

Faro's detractors regarded it as a dangerous scam that destroyed families and reduced men to poverty because of rampant rigging of the dealing box. Crooked faro equipment was so popular that many sporting-house companies began to supply gaffed dealing boxes specially designed so that the bankers could cheat their players. (See section of cheating by dealers below.) Cheating was so prevalent that editions of Hoyle’s Rules of Games began their faro section by warning readers that not a single honest faro bank could be found in the United States. Criminal prosecutions of faro were involved in the Supreme Court cases of United States v. Simms, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 252 (1803),^[10] and Ex parte Milburn, 34 U.S. (9 Pet.) 704 (1835).^{[citation needed]}

Although the game became scarce after World War II, it continued to be played at a few Las Vegas and Reno casinos through 1985.^[11]

Etymology[edit]

Historians have suggested that the name Pharaon comes from Louis XIV's royal gamblers, who chose the name from the motif that commonly adorned one of the French-made court cards.^[5]

Rules[edit]

The layout of a faro board

Description[edit]

A game of faro was often called a 'faro bank.' It was played with an entire deck of playing cards. One person was designated the 'banker' and an indeterminate number of players, known as 'punters,' could be admitted. Chips (called 'checks') were purchased by the punter from the banker (or house) from which the game originated. Bet values and limits were set by the house. Usual check values were 50 cents to $10 each.

The faro table was typically oval,^[12] covered with green baize, and had a cutout for the banker. A board was placed on top of the table with one suit of cards (traditionally spades) pasted to it in numerical order, representing a standardized betting 'layout'. Each player laid his stake on one of the 13 cards on the layout. Players could place multiple bets and could bet on multiple cards simultaneously by placing their bet between cards or on specific card edges. A player could reverse the intent of his bet by placing a hexagonal (6-sided) token called a 'copper' on it. Some histories said a penny was sometimes used in place of a copper. This was known as 'coppering' the bet, and reversed the meaning of the win/loss piles for that particular bet. Players also had the choice of betting on the 'high card' bar located at the top of the layout.

Procedure[edit]

A deck of cards was shuffled and placed inside a 'dealing box,' a mechanical device also known as a 'shoe,' which was used to prevent manipulations of the draw by the banker and intended to assure players of a fair game.
The first card in the dealing box was called the 'soda' and was 'burned off,' leaving 51 cards in play. The dealer then drew two cards: the first was called the 'banker's card' and was placed on the right side of the dealing box. The next card after the banker's card was called the carte anglaise (English card) or simply the 'player's card,' and it was placed on the left of the shoe.^[8]
The banker's card was the bettor's 'losing card'; regardless of its suit, all bets placed on the layout's card that had the same denomination as the banker's card were lost by the players and won by the bank. The player's card was the 'winning card.' All bets placed on the card that had that denomination were returned to the players with a 1 to 1 (even money) payout by the bank (e.g., a dollar bet won a dollar). A 'high card' bet won if the player’s card had a higher value than the banker’s card.^[9]

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